彝文

来自云南百科

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彝文（彝语：Template:Yiii，nuosu bburma，Template:IPA-xx），又称夷字、爨文、韪书、蝌蚪文、倮语、倮倮文、毕摩文等，是彝族用来记录彝语的文字。不同地区的传统彝文差异很大。目前已规范的现代彝文有“凉山规范彝文”和“云南规范彝文”，前者经中华人民共和国国务院批准，使用较广。

历史

传说中的彝文创造者是一个叫伯博耿的人，根据鸟兽足迹和事物的形象创造了彝文。彝文是由彝族的毕摩（又称为贝耄，主持礼仪、祭司的人）代代相传的，通过著作和家谱传递。经由对于丁公陶文与龙山文化的研究，中华人民共和国学者冯时认为，丁公陶文属于古彝文系统[1]。

贵州省六枝特区的拦龙桥碑记约镌于南宋末年，是今存世最早的彝文文献。[2]云南彝族撒尼人叙事长诗《阿诗玛》，其原著就是用彝文写的。

传承到现代的传统彝文分布于北部方言区、东部方言、南部方言区以及东南部方言的撒尼土语区和阿哲土语区。这些方言区的文字有一些相似之处，但又有大量不同。有一些彝字是借用或者改造汉字而得。《滇川黔桂彝文字集》分八卷收录了87,000多个彝字[3]；而根据未来Unicode收录的古彝文，共有88,591个彝字[4]。

1974年，四川省民委语文工作组和凉山州语文工作指导委员会对北部方言区的传统彝文进行改造，拟定了《彝文规范方案》（草案）。这套凉山规范彝文在试行之后，于1980年经国务院批准推广。目前在凉山州和云南西北的小凉山通行。

1983年，云南省彝文规范领导小组成立，在接下来的几年中拟定了跨方言的《云南规范彝文方案》，1987年经省政府批准试行。1995年云南省进一步完善了该方案。

贵州于1991年出版了《简明彝汉字典》（贵州本），对当地（属于东部方言区）传统彝文进行了整理，区分了正体字和异体字。

1980年，国务院批准四川省彝文规范方案后，彝文逐渐在凉山州内单位公章、政府部门牌匾上推广。1993年，凉山州颁布实施了《凉山彝族自治州彝族语言文字工作条例》，规定州内一切机关、团体、学校和企事业单位的公章、牌匾，公共活动场所的牌匾，应当同时使用彝、汉两种文字。2004年开始，凉山州开展大规模的社会用字整治，彝文的使用范围也从政府机关拓展到公共场所和商店的店招店牌。[5]

为了方便不懂汉字的彝族群众，以及出于营造异域风情，吸引游客的需要，凉山州首府西昌政府要求当地公共场所的标牌加注彝文，虽然该地绝大多数彝族居民都通晓汉文。然而由于彝汉翻译人才缺乏，许多招牌存在翻译错误和彝文使用不规范的问题。[6]

1977年，四川省凉山州成立了由4名编译人员组成的彝文教材编译组，于1978年出版了第一本小学《彝语文》教材。之后编译队伍不断扩大，发展成为凉山彝文教材编译室。凉山彝文教材编译室是四川省教育厅和凉山州教育局双重领导的彝文教材编译机构，担负着四川省中小学各科彝文教材、教参和课外读物的编译任务。该室是中国“全国少数民族文字教材编译基地”之一。截至2017年10月，该室已编译出版幼儿、中小学和中师彝文各类教材、教辅、课外读物等1048种。[7][8]

文字类型

 
关村坝站的站牌上的彝文

早期的彝文是表意文字，随着时间的推移，大量的表音节符号被加入到彝文中，成为表意为主、表音为辅的意音结合的意音文字。目前通行的凉山规范彝文是完完全全的音节文字，而云南规范彝文仍然是意音文字。

文字结构

 
用彝文书写的书籍

老彝文分独体字和合体字，合体字又分十余种结构，常见的有：上下、左右、左中右、内外、上中下、左半包围、右包半围、上包半围、下包半围、上下左右、交叉等等，还有很多不能分类的结构。

老彝文在云南、贵州、广西地区一般是从左到右横写或纵写，四川地区则从右往左横写或纵写。新的规范彝文均为从左往右横写。

老彝文没有标点符号，只有一些标题或书名号（带花边的方框）、句读符号（。或△）、篇章或段落号（△顶加波纹符），规范彝文通用汉字标点符号。

凉山规范彝文

这种文字通行于北部方言区，包括四川凉山彝族自治州和云南小凉山，是1970年代在当地传统彝文的基础上设计的音节文字。下表介绍凉山规范彝文和标准读音的对应：行代表韵母、列代表声母，起头分别用拉丁字母转写和国际音标标出（以图片检视凉山规范彝文表）[9]。拉丁化彝文元音字尾的p、t、x的作用是标识声调。

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韵母 IPA - p pʰ b m͡b m̥ m f v t tʰ d n͡d n̥ n ɬ l k kʰ ɡ ŋ͡ɡ h ŋ x ɣ t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z nd͡z s z t͡ʂ t͡ʂʰ d͡ʐ nd͡ʐ ʂ ʐ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ nd͡ʑ ȵ ɕ ʑ
／ 声母 - b p bb nb hm m f v d t dd nd hn n hl l g k gg mg hx ng h w z c zz nz s ss zh ch rr nr sh r j q jj nj ny x y

云南规范彝文

云南规范彝文有字2608个，其中表意字2258个，借词表音字共350个。云南民族出版社1994年出版了《云南规范彝文汉文字词对照》。这种文字目前没有广泛通行。

彝文拼音

声母

字母表中表示声母的拉丁字母对应的国际音标如下：

塞音

唇音：b [p], p [pʰ], bb [b], nb [m͡b], hm [m̥], m [m], f [f], v [v]
齿龈音：d [t], t [tʰ], dd [d], nd [n͡d], hn [n̥], n [n], hl [ɬ], l [l]
软颚音：g [k], k [kʰ], gg [ɡ], mg [ŋ͡ɡ], hx [h], ng [ŋ], h [x], w [ɣ]

塞擦音

齿龈音：z [t͡s], c [t͡sʰ], zz [d͡z], nz [nd͡z], s [s], ss [z]
卷舌音：zh [t͡ʂ], ch [t͡ʂʰ], rr [d͡ʐ], nr [nd͡ʐ], sh [ʂ], r [ʐ]
硬颚音：j [t͡ɕ], q [t͡ɕʰ], jj [d͡ʑ], nj [nd͡ʑ], ny [nʲ], x [ɕ], y [ʑ]

韵母

韵母
拉丁转写 i ie a uo o e u ur y yr
国际音标 i ɛ a ɔ o ɯ u u̠ ɿ ɿ̱̠

声调

字母表中，韵母无辅音字母结尾或以r结尾，表示读中调，调值33（ā, a˧˧）；韵母以t结尾，表示读高调，调值55（a̋, a˥˥）；韵母以p结尾，表示读低调，调值21（ǎ, a˨˩）；韵母以x结尾，表示读中升调，调值34（â, a˧˦）。

Unicode

Unicode在其3.0版本中正式收录凉山规范彝文，其中彝文音节的编码范围为U+A000-U+A48C，共收录1164个音节（带变音符号的音节单独编码，不能分解为音节加组合变音符号）和一个音节迭代标记（码位Template:Unichar，错误命名为 YI SYLLABLE WU)；彝文部首的编码范围为U+A490–U+A4CF，共收录55个部首。

2007年，中国提交了云南规范彝文的编码提案[4]，共88,613个字符，但迄今未被Unicode收录，也没有预分配码段。

Template:Unicode chart Yi Syllables Template:Unicode chart Yi Radicals

参考文献

  1. ^ 冯时《古文字与古史新论》，台湾书房，2007年。
  2. ^ 中华文化通志编委会. 中华文化通志. 上海: 上海人民出版社. 2010年12月. 
  3. ^ 马立三 陈英 (编). 滇川黔桂彝文字集. 昆明: 云南民族出版社. 2004年6月. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 传统彝文编码提案（134MB） (PDF). 2007-02-15 [2012-01-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-15） （English）. 
  5. ^ 何勤华. 招牌上印彝文要按规矩来. 四川日报. 2012-02-23 [2018-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-11）. 
  6. ^ 聂鹏; 木乃热哈. 西昌市彝文语言景观调查研究. 《语言文字应用》 (2017年第1期). [2018-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-11）. 
  7. ^ 凉山州外宣办. 凉山:彝文教材编译工作硕果累累. 彝学研究网. 2007-08-27 [2018-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-11）. 
  8. ^ 凉山政府网. 四川省彝文教材编译学术交流会在我州举行. 快资讯. 2017-11-07 [2018-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-11）. 
  9. ^ 凉山彝语语言概论（成都，1983年）

外部链接

Template:List of writing systems

取自“https://www.yunnanpedia.com/index.php?title=彝文&oldid=18418”